Can You Apply Again for Air Force Pilot Training

Take you seen Superlative Gun or whatsoever of the (considerately terrible) Iron Eagle movies more times than you're willing to admit? Practice you daydream of flying twice the speed of sound, pulling 9Gs, and dominating the airspace over whatever country on the planet, at will? Possibly y'all're motivated by the idea of protecting troops on the footing through close air support or just being a role of an aristocracy aviation fraternity (for both guys and gals) total of rich history and tradition. If any of this sounds similar you, serving your state as a fighter pilot may be the perfect career (and calling) you're looking for.

1 of the questions nosotros get nigh often here at BogiDope is: "How can I become a fighter pilot?" We're non surprised at how often nosotros hear this. In many ways, flying a fighter is the pinnacle of homo aviation. Information technology'due south both incredibly enervating and incredibly rewarding. Our hope is that what follows will serve every bit a useful respond to this question.

Tabular array of Contents

1. Choose a Path
2. Bookish Preparation
3. Physical Preparation
4. Aeronautical Preparation
5. Social/Cultural Preparation
6. Execution – How to Get a Baby-sit/Reserve Fighter Pilot Slot
7. Execution – How to Go an Active Duty Fighter Pilot Slot
8. Determination

Cull a Path

There are 2 main paths you lot can take to become a fighter pilot, Agile Duty or Guard/Reserve. Both paths can lead to the aforementioned destination, but there are critical differences as to how to get there and quality of life along the way.

Active Duty

The outset path is serving on Active Duty (i.e. Air Force, Navy, or Marine Corps). This is what well-nigh people recollect of when they picture someone serving in the military. Being an Agile Duty pilot is a full-fourth dimension job. Yous show up for work 5 days per week, whether you're flying or not. This path offers fantastic pay and benefits  and a government pension if you serve a total 20 years .

The Active Duty path substantially entails competing for the opportunity to attend pilot preparation while earning a commission through a service university, ROTC, or OTS/OCS. Then yous volition commit to ten(ish) years of total-time military service earlier knowing what airplane yous will fly. (Yous commit to 10 years later on completing pilot training in the Air Forcefulness, only 8 years in the Navy and Marine Corps.) This leaves you lot beholden to the whims of the Air Force, Navy, or Marine Corps. You'll be assigned to a new base every 3 years, or and then. Yous'll exist deployed to combat zones for 6-12 months at a time, sometimes with but 72 hours notice. Since you're serving out your 8-x year obligation, y'all don't go to reject whatever of these orders.

Your performance at pilot training relative to your peers will determine the club in which you can choose your aircraft. Notwithstanding, the needs of that particular branch of service volition decide which aircraft are bachelor when information technology'southward your turn to choose. For example, if you lot're ranked 5th in your airplane pilot training class, and there are 5+ fighter slots available, you lot will have the opportunity to pick 1 (although it may not be the exact fighter yous want). If on the other hand, there are merely 3 fighter slots available, your dream of flying fighters may be over forever. As they say, timing is everything.

Air National Guard / Air Force Reserve

The path I wish I'd known about is the Air National Guard and Air Force Reserve.  These two organizations are theoretically backups for the Active Duty Air Forcefulness, and they're intended to be a part-fourth dimension task for virtually pilots. The tagline you often hear is "i weekend a month, ii weeks in the summer," though as a fighter pilot you'll have to spend at to the lowest degree ane total week per month in your squadron just to maintain your qualifications.

One of the biggest benefits of the Guard and Reserve is that you but apply to the units that you lot want to join. You tin exist hired with no military experience (and before signing any military service obligation) to fly the A-10, F-15C, F-16, F-22, or F-35. To see a full list of fighter squadron locations in the Guard and Reserve, check out the BogiDope Map .

You volition attend the same Undergraduate Pilot Training (UPT) as your active duty peers, only you volition have the do good of knowing that not only volition you wing fighters, but y'all will know exactly which type of fighter and the location of your assigned squadron for the rest of your career. This is critical:

Joining the Guard or Reserve is the only fashion to guarantee that you'll get to wing a fighter.

The Guard and Reserve besides offer nice pay and benefits, though these work differently than Active Duty. The Baby-sit and Reserve also have a pension for pilots who requite at least 20 years of service. Again, this works differently than the Active Duty version.

Earning pilot wings in the Baby-sit or Reserve still obligates you lot to 10 years of service; however, that service can be role-time. You'll still end up deploying, though there tends to be a lot more flexibility on when and how often you become. Most Guard and Reserve pilots accept other full-time jobs. Airline pilot is by far the virtually common "other" job, though I've heard of annihilation from lawyer, to entrepreneur, to beach bum. If, on the other hand, you lot want to work full-fourth dimension at your Baby-sit or Reserve unit, there will almost ever exist full-fourth dimension orders bachelor in most fighter squadrons.

There are pluses and minuses to each path. However, if your ultimate goal in life is to go a fighter pilot, nosotros absolutely recommend choosing the Guard or Reserve path. For more data on the (very dissimilar) application processes for these paths, check out our 2-role series hither .

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A Viper pilot "checks six."

Academic Training

All US fighter pilots are commissioned officers, which means y'all must have a college degree. How well you lot practise in that college program will often make up one's mind your competitiveness for any pilot training awarding. The nearly key and objective input into whatsoever of these rankings is your GPA.

One school of idea says that yous should take the easiest classes possible to make certain you become straight As and maximize GPA. At the USAF University , one of the almost common majors is Direction. It's lovingly (or derisively) referred to as "The M-Train" because so many people hitch a ride to maximize the class rank to effort required ratio. I'm not a huge fan of this mentality, for reasons we'll discuss in a moment. However, this is a delicate situation.

On a Guard or Reserve hiring lath, the value of your GPA is very of import. A 3.5 GPA in Business organisation will stand out more favorably than a 2.6 in Technology. Y'all should choose a degree program in which you can maintain at least a 3.0, though y'all're a lot improve off keeping your GPA even higher than that.

That said, y'all need to learn how to handle a challenging bookish load at some betoken. Existence a fighter airplane pilot requires a lot of studying throughout your career. It also requires actually absorbing and existence able to apply the information you study. If you somehow manage to become to a fighter squadron having never learned how to study, you're in for a rough life. Taking some classes in high schoolhouse and college that actually challenge you will help yous learn to report. It's not almost English language, or Chemistry, or Social Studies now…information technology's near weapons specs, tactics, and threat profiles later.

Another reason to choose a more than challenging program is that some of the easier college degrees are worthless. We wish everyone reading this a long career of healthy flight, simply that doesn't ever work out. If you were to find yourself medically unqualified at some point in the futurity, a marketable caste will be invaluable. Choose wisely.

For me, the most important reason to take hard classes is that information technology will make you lot a better fighter pilot. Up through the 1960s or and so, in that location wasn't really a systematic development of fighter pilot tactics. Generations of fighter pilots did the best they could, merely the truth is that nobody really had things figured out. Then, a man named John Boyd joined the Air Force. He intuitively figured out better ways to wing a fighter and could trounce just almost anyone he went up confronting. And then, the USAF sent him to get a Master's degree in mathematics at Georgia Tech.

Boyd studied math, physics, computer programming, and thermodynamics. He realized that information technology was possible to scientifically derive the facts that he intuitively knew virtually flying fighters. He scammed time on a agglomeration of computers (they were all building-sized mainframes dorsum then) and developed a way of thinking about and flying fighter aircraft that changed our world forever. The F-22 is a technological marvel, only its pilots still train and fight according to Boyd's concepts.

Boyd was one of the best fighter pilots of his time because he understood the math and science behind what he was doing. He changed the world because of that education.

If you don't like math and science, you can all the same learn how to fly a fighter. However, if you're willing to put in the effort to understand the math behind what's going on, you volition be far ameliorate. It's the deviation between being a technician and a master at your craft.

If I've persuaded you to take more than challenging classes, make certain that you lot can keep your GPA at or above a 3.0. If you're finding that hard, yous're better off changing to something more manageable.

Two other critical components of your application'due south overall score at a Baby-sit or Reserve unit of measurement are how well you do on the Air Force Officeholder Qualifying Examination (AFOQT) and your Pilot Candidate Scoring Method (PCSM) score. There are several services that can aid you lot report for the AFOQT and information technology's of import that you lot do your best to ace it! Your goal should exist to earn at least a ninety in the AFOQT Airplane pilot sections and a 90 on your PCSM. Don't be discouraged if your scores aren't quite there yet. You can improve your scores by retaking the tests and/or increasing your flight time.

BogiDope has an entire serial defended to the AFOQT. Y'all can beginning reading information technology here . The PCSM score is based on your AFOQT score and some other factors. You likewise need it to be as high as possible. You can read our serial explaining the PCSM score here .

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Concrete Grooming

Hollywood movies have done you a bully disservice by making it look like flying a fighter isn't physically demanding. The truth is that a ane-hour BFM sortie (Basic Fighter Maneuvers, aka: dogfighting) will leave you physically exhausted, if you're in proficient shape. If you lot aren't able to maintain great physical conditioning, flying a fighter could be deadly.

This video shows a pilot going through centrifuge training. He does well through his test, so tries out an intentional Yard-Induced Loss of Consciousness (Thou-LOC). It'southward funny to watch hither, but we've lost far more fighter pilots in the last 40 years to training accidents acquired by M-LOC than from flight combat missions.

The fundamental way to prepare for this environment is to acquire to lift weights early on in your life. A fighter pilot needs strong legs, abs, and glutes, but it doesn't injure to set up a lifting program for your whole body. The Articulation Helmet Mounted Cueing Organisation (JHMCS) is heavy, and yous need good core forcefulness to support it while you're pulling 7-ix Gs and looking over your shoulder to fire an AIM-9X at your enemy.

The Joint Helmet Mounted Cueing System (JHMCS) is an augmented reality heads up display. (For reference, go watch any picture show that shows Fe Human being's view from inside his suit.) It's also a lot heavier than a traditional visor, especially when pulling Gs.

You lot also demand to make certain yous're in decent cardiovascular shape. It's 1 thing to do a loop or two on a sunny day. It's something else entirely to fly BFM for upwards of an hour.

One time you've learned to maintain your basic physical status, you should observe some type of sport to play. Sports are useful for conditioning yourself to work as office of a team and continue to requite your all fifty-fifty when you lot're physically exhausted. However, the virtually important benefit of sports is that they teach you how to accept criticism.

We'll hash out this more later, but dealing with (and deriving benefit from) criticism is fundamental to this chore. Sports are good at teaching this because no matter how good you lot remember you are, there's always someone ameliorate–at that place's e'er something else to learn. Star NFL quarterbacks throw interceptions. Star MLB batters fail to get on base of operations 7 out of every ten times they step upward to the plate. They're world-class athletes because they've learned to accept those failures, learn from them, and mentally persevere. A fighter airplane pilot must possess that skill.

This benefit of sports is and so of import, that some fighter squadron hiring boards have been known to accept the bidder with slightly lower scores, but a strong able-bodied background, knowing that he or she will take thick skin and the desire to overcome any obstacle.

Information technology's important to note that none of these physical activities are the point. You're not out to exist the world'southward greatest weightlifter, baseball player, or quarterback. These activities are means to train your attitude. You should piece of work hard at them to make certain y'all get that benefit, but don't let sports arrive the way of all the other things you need to do.

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Aeronautical Preparation

I highly recommend that you practice some flying earlier you start war machine flight training. Aye, most services will become you lot 20-40 hours in a calorie-free aircraft before y'all start flight the T-vi. However, I believe that this isn't enough. I taught USAF pilot training and I could tell a significant difference between a student pilot who started with 20 hours and one who had a individual pilot's license (PPL). I could besides encounter a difference when I encountered a student with an instrument rating, CFI, and hundreds or even thousands of flying hours. Doing extra flight didn't ever hateful that they excelled at aerobatics and formation and ended upward flight T-38s, merely it sure helped early on!

L3'southward Doss Aviation conducts the USAF's Initial Flight Training (IFT) program in Pueblo, CO.

At the very least, doing some flying training on your own gives y'all advanced detect if you get airsick. Information technology's possible for nearly anyone to overcome airsickness. The military machine is very adept at getting people through that process, but if yous don't start it until y'all're at UPT, your performance and grades will suffer until you get things worked out. Why not start that process on your ain earlier you even go there so that you tin maximize performance on all your rides in UPT?

I would recommend at least getting your PPL and Instrument Rating before UPT. This will teach you some fundamental pilot knowledge and airmanship basics. Yous'll do better in academics, yous'll acquire the traffic pattern faster, you'll be better at checklists and talking on the radio.

Having an musical instrument rating will pay huge dividends in UPT. If you're going to the USAF, effort to learn instruments in an older aircraft with individual round-dial flying instruments because that'due south what you'll get in the T-6A. The T-half-dozen GPS is a KLN-900, then you should look for a civilian trainer with a KLN-89, -90, or -94. If you're going to be flying the T-6B with the Navy , it's okay to fly an aircraft with newer avionics like the G500 or G1000.

You don't necessarily need to seek out civilian aerobatic flying before UPT. If you're nervous about doing this type of flying, a couple of hours might help y'all overcome your concerns. All the same, the T-6 is a fantastic aerobatic trainer, and you shouldn't have any trouble with the aerobatics if you enter the program with but a PPL.

If you have the means to continue your civilian flying training, it wouldn't hurt to become a Certificated Flight Instructor (CFI). Not only will the hours and training improve your basic flying skills, having this rating will assistance you sympathize what your military Teacher Pilots (IP) are watching for and thinking at UPT.

Although I believe that some previous flying experience can go a long way, it'due south not entirely necessary. At that place are people in every UPT class that started with xx hours in a flight screening program and go on to wing fighters. Don't sweat all this if you lack the ways to pay for civilian pilot ratings.

If you lot're applying to a Baby-sit or Reserve unit, nevertheless, every competitive candidate will have at the very least soloed, but more than likely earned a PPL. Many candidates don't go any further than this in their flight preparation. (And nobody blames them…it's expensive.) This means that if you tin can find a manner to fund at to the lowest degree an Instrument Rating and/or an aerobatic flying course, it will really stand out on your application.

Believe it or non, I also recommend you exercise some video gaming equally office of your aeronautical preparation. Fighters are getting increasingly systems-intensive. The F-35 isn't actually a fighter. It'southward a technology platform. It's never intended to actually get into a dogfight. (If you agree with me that this is a ridiculous mindset, you may savor an article I wrote on this topic a few years ago .) Being good at flying any fighter these days involves executing sequences of button pushes, speedily and accurately, in response to a threat. Video games are cheap and effective means to railroad train yourself in these skills.

In one case once again, gaming is not an end unto itself. It's a means for building a item skill set. Don't become all clanned-upwards and dive so deep into the world of gaming that you lot forget to do all the other things nosotros're talking about here.

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Being a fighter airplane pilot all but requires that you lot adopt specific mindsets in several areas. I've seen countless pilots who fail to figure this out until after they go fighter pilots, simply they take a beating for it. The sooner you can engrain some of these ideas in your soul the amend.

First and foremost: you are a team role player. Fighter pilots have to succeed every bit individuals, just if the rest of the formation or squadron doesn't also succeed your individual accomplishments are worse than useless.

Trying to go a fighter slot at UPT is a competition. Still, some people get a little likewise cutthroat and endeavour to get ahead at the expense of others. Guess what: your IPs run across all of that. In a mode, the T-38/T-45 portion of UPT is a multi-month job interview. Your IPs are deciding whether you lot send you to wing with their buddies. Once the IPs complete their consignment, they're going to take to fly in the same squadron as anyone they send to their jet. They're not going to send you at that place unless they believe that y'all'll be a fantastic fellow member of that squad. You tin exercise well without undercutting others. Yous will go further ahead by helping others than by stabbing them in the back.

This is only a UPT ride debrief. Debriefing a fighter mission is significantly more intense. (U.Due south. Air Strength photo past Airman 1st Class Beaux Hebert)

Next: you must larn to humbly accept feedback without getting emotional or defensive. No matter how well y'all think you fly, you will get eviscerated in mission debriefs. Your IPs and flight leads volition discover every mistake y'all make. You lot'll be told that yous're a bad American because you didn't endeavor hard enough. They won't exist telling you this to try and upset y'all. They'll say information technology in hopes of making you improve. Don't argue. Don't defend. Train yourself to humbly "take your spears," and acquire from everything. One of the best pieces of advice that has ever been given to a wingman is:

Never pass upwardly the opportunity to shut the hell upwardly!

Another important part of not getting emotional is to decide not to be offended by behaviors that aren't acceptable in common gild. Yep, there'due south a lot of contempo emphasis on this stuff, and some behaviors that are no longer acceptable, fifty-fifty in a fighter squadron. That'southward a good thing. Notwithstanding, as a fighter airplane pilot your job description includes violating the sovereign territory of some other land and murdering its citizens if the situation requires. This is not a profession for sensitive souls.

We should too note hither that drinking is a office of fighter pilot culture. You absolutely don't have to drink, but don't be self-righteous nigh it either. You can nevertheless hang out with a mug total of root beer. Yous tin have intendance of your buddies and be the DD.  They'll honey you for it!

If yous exercise drink, be careful! One of the best pilots I've always known should be flying the F-22 right at present. Unfortunately, he had simply a little too much to drink one nighttime in Austin and got arrested for relieving himself in a public location. That single effect ruined his chances of ever flying a fighter…of any kind. Is the Air Forcefulness a moronic organization for giving up such a bully potential fighter pilot for such a pocket-sized infraction? Yes! Sadly, it doesn't matter though. Military commanders are increasingly scrutinized by both their superiors and the media. The USAF doesn't mess effectually with this anymore. Remember: there is nothing so fun today that it's worth sacrificing your future. You absolutely must learn, before you get to UPT, to have a fool-proof plan in place when you make up one's mind to become have a skillful time and go foolish.

As if I haven't given you enough homework however, I'm going to assign y'all some reading. If you lot desire to get a job at Southwest Airlines, you absolutely must read and be able to intelligently discuss the book Nuts . If y'all desire to be a fighter pilot, I recommend you read about some of the best. As a bare minimum, I recommend:

• Boyd: The Fighter Pilot Who Changed the Art of War
• Fighter Pilot: The Memoirs of Legendary Ace Robin Olds
• Debrief: A Complete History of U.South. Aerial Engagements – 1981 to the Present
• Yeager: An Autobiography
• The Battle of Uk: Five Months That Changed History; May-October 1940

This but scratches the surface of what you could read on this topic. It turns out that there's a lifetime of peachy fighter pilot literature in our globe. It's of import for you to know well-nigh some of the people and events that shaped this profession. This written report is another function of the divergence between being a technician and a master.

Now that we've discussed some full general areas of training, we'll go over a pace-past-step procedure for putting information technology all together. Nosotros'll cover the processes for both paths, Baby-sit/Reserve and Active Duty because they're unlike.

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A costless shot of America's 5th generation fighters. Now, stop drooling and keep pretending to work.

Execution – How to Get a Guard/Reserve Fighter Airplane pilot Slot

1. If at all possible, bring together a Guard or Reserve unit immediately after high school .
2. Pick a smart major in college. It should be something challenging that offers you a non-flying backup career. However, don't sacrifice GPA. Your mindset should be: three.0 is the absolute minimum, iii.5 is better, but no GPA is adept enough until you're sitting in the cockpit of your fighter.
3. Exercise something to gain leadership experience at/after college. This can be a task, a school or gild sports team, a borough organization, or some other blazon of gild. It'southward not proficient enough to only be a member of the system. Y'all need a meaningful leadership position that you tin list on your resume.
4. Become your PPL. If you lot can afford information technology, get your instrument rating as well. (Some aerobatic flying and a CFI are overnice, but will be a stretch for many.)
5. Study for and Shell the AFOQT (especially the pilot sections) and TBAS!
6. Network. Throughout your college career you demand to build and maintain meaningful relationships with those around you. Yous'll want 3-v solid messages of recommendation from professors, bosses, mentors, etc. when you employ to a unit of measurement.
7. Bank check out the BogiDope Job Postings Board for application deadlines. (Programme to utilise no earlier than your senior year of college.)
8. Utilise the BogiDope Application Prep Package to help prepare a world-class comprehend letter and resume for the squadrons you desire to employ to.
9. Shotgun your applications out to every single fighter unit that you'd consider serving in. The more you apply to, the improve your odds.
10. Utilise the BogiDope Interview Prep Package to assistance prepare for any interview invites.
11. Practice great things flight for your state/country!

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Execution – How to Get an Active Duty Fighter Pilot Slot

1. Get skilful grades in loftier school. They don't have to be perfect, only the college the better.
2. Play at least ane sport in high school. These don't have to exist schoolhouse sports. They could be lodge or community teams. You lot need to work to earn the spot as Team Captain, or the equivalent.
3. In my opinion, the Guard and Reserves are your best bet for becoming a fighter pilot. If y'all're limited to Active Duty though, y'all take a few dissimilar options:
   1. Your best bet is to nourish the USAF University . It gets more pilot slots than whatsoever other commissioning source. If you're medically qualified to be a airplane pilot, you stand an excellent chance of getting a pilot slot at that place. (Also, it'due south a completely free pedagogy and you lot earn a valuable caste.)
   2. The United states of america Naval Academy is a adept pick if you want to become a Naval or Marine Corps fighter airplane pilot. Well-nigh people at that schoolhouse chase big boats or want to carry rifles through the mud. If you work hard enough to go a skillful class rank, you stand a practiced take a chance of getting a pilot slot.
   3. Your all-time remaining pick here is college ROTC. They offering great scholarships and you get a far more enjoyable college experience than y'all do at a service academy. Unfortunately, each individual college only gets a few (if any) airplane pilot slots. You'll need to work extra hard to earn 1 of them. You'll need to serve in a leadership function within your ROTC plan and go fantastic grades.
   4. One final selection here is Officeholder Preparation School (OTS). This is the officer equivalent of enlisting in the military machine and doesn't require any prior military machine service. Information technology's the least common way to join Agile Duty as a airplane pilot, but could exist an avenue worth considering. If you're interested, read our series on getting an OTS Rated Slot here .
4. While in college, go good grades, play sports, and show leadership in some type of extra-curricular activities. No matter where you get to schoolhouse, the Air Strength will eventually rack-and-stack you lot against your peers. You need to have a variety of activities in which y'all've continued to demonstrate leadership ability.
5. Somewhere along the line, yous should consider doing the civilian flight training we discussed. The Active Duty path is i long contest towards that fighter slot, then why not get a head kickoff? If yous're really hurting for greenbacks, you could consider the Civil Air Patrol equally a way to go some less-expensive flying . I've besides written nearly some other ways to earn civilian airplane pilot ratings without breaking the banking concern. Commencement here .
6. Do everything in your ability to be top ranked pilot throughout training. Your individual performance is the only thing you have command over, so take advantage. With any luck, at that place will be enough fighter slots available by the time you get to cull your destiny. Fingers crossed!

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Determination

No matter which path you choose, getting a UPT slot is merely an intermediate footstep along the way. Although a Guard/Reserve pilot selectee has a guaranteed fighter slot waiting for him or her, poor operation at UPT tin get that taken abroad. If you want to know how to do well in pilot training, check out our series on Winning UPT .

The listing we've given you here should sound like a lot of work because it is! Becoming a fighter pilot is non something y'all tin successfully do on a whim. If this sounds like too much, then you may want to consider another profession. The competition at every footstep in this process is fierce, and you'll have a tough time staying competitive unless the prize is meaning enough for you.

If becoming a fighter pilot is and will ever exist your ultimate goal in life, I hope that this list gets you excited. It'southward a (relatively) concise explanation of almost of the big pieces in the puzzle. All you lot need to do is go out and put them together.

I'll give yous i last volume recommendation to assistance yous on your path. I recently read Grit: The Power of Passion and Perseverance , by Dr. Angela Duckworth, and it's fantastic. It explains why all the things nosotros mentioned here are important. It helps y'all understand why focusing on your goal is critical. Surprisingly, she also explains some ways to develop grit if you find yourself defective information technology. This should be wonderful news. You lot don't have to be perfect at any of this right now. If you internalize Dr. Duckworth'south ideas, y'all can make yourself a improve, more constructive person and increase your chances of achieving your dreams.

And being a fighter airplane pilot is a dream worth pursuing! It'south nearly impossible to describe the sense of power and liberty you go while flying. Work hard and do your best because it's admittedly worth the effort. Good luck and wing rubber!

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Image Credits:

The JHMCS photograph was taken by Staff Sgt. Shawn Nickel of the 354th Fighter Wing at Eielson AFB, AK. https://www.dvidshub.cyberspace/prototype/1925297/maintaining-clear-target

The picture of the L3/Doss Aviation IFT team comes from their website. They've been the USAF's premier IFT provider for decades. https://www2.l3t.com/doss/well-nigh/alphabetize.htm

The UPT check ride debrief photo was taken past A1C Beaux Hebert of the 14 FTW. https://www.dvidshub.net/image/4690027/theres-no-total-strength

All others came from our source of stock images.

hughinglacrievor.blogspot.com

Source: https://bogidope.com/upt/how-can-i-become-a-fighter-pilot/

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